Preparation of porous aluminum borate ceramics by gel casting-solid state reaction method

Li Xin, Li Hao-ming, Zhang Qiang, Cao Yueqi, Liu Xing’er, Guo Anran

2023, (4): 277-280. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.001

In order to improve the strength and thermal insulating performance,porous aluminum borate ceramics were fabricated by tert-butyl alcohol-based gel casting combined with in situ solid state reaction technology with Al₂O₃ nanopowder and B₂O₃ micropowder as raw materials.Effects of aluminum/boron molar ratios (9∶2,9∶4 and 9∶6) and heat treatment temperatures (1 000,1 200,and 1 400 ℃) on the properties of porous aluminum borate ceramics were investigated.The findings are as follows.(1)Because B₂O₃ volatiles easily at high temperatures,excessive B₂O₃ is conducive to the formation of aluminum borate whiskers.However,too much B₂O₃ leads to the formation of over-thick aluminum borate whiskers,resulting in over-high density.(2)Low heat treatment temperatures are not suitable for the development of aluminum borate whiskers,resulting in low bulk density,while over-high heat treatment temperatures can lead to sintering densification between whiskers.(3)When the aluminum/boron molar ratio is 9∶4 and the heat treatment temperature is 1 200 ℃,the generated aluminum borate whiskers show a large length/diameter ratio and interlock with each other to form a three-dimensional network structure.The obtained porous aluminum borate ceramic exhibits low density (0.67 g·cm^-3),low thermal conductivity (0.141 W·m^-1·K^-1 at room temperature),and high cold compressive strength (6.23 MPa).

Preparation and properties of porous ceramics from limestone tailings

Yu Chao, Yang Xinyu, Chen Bo, Deng Chengji, Lyu Zhijiang, Dong Bo, Chen Yufeng, Ding Jun, Zhu Hongxi

2023, (4): 281-285. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.002

Abstract ( ) PDF (2175KB)( )

This work aims at utilizing limestone tailings.After crushing and sieving,limestone tailings were mixed evenly with water (5% of the total mass) and then pressed into green samples.Porous ceramics were prepared by the heat treating the green samples at 750,800,850,and 900 ℃ for 2 h in air,respectively.Effect of the heat treatment temperatures on the phase composition,microstructure,and physical properties of the porous ceramics was studied.The results show that calcite completely decomposes,and lime and calcium silicate appear in the sample with the heat treatment temperature increasing from 750 ℃ to 850 ℃.Furthermore,the diffraction peaks of gehlenite and tricalcium aluminate intensify.Moreover,the gaps among particles and the apparent porosity increase,while the bulk density and cold crushing strength decrease.As the heat treatment temperature further increases to 900 ℃,there is no significant change in the physical properties and phase composition of the material.The sample has the best comprehensive properties when the heat treatment temperature is 850 ℃.Its main phases are quartz,lime,calcium feldspar,tricalcium aluminate,and calcium silicate.The apparent porosity is (45.5±0.1)%,and the cold crushing strength can still reach (30.9±0.6) MPa.

Effects of Al₂O₃-SiO₂ raw material types on properties of anorthite based insulation refractories

Guo Huishi, Yang Jialin, Li Wenfeng, Gui Yanghai, Zhao Zhiqiang, Liu Yingfan

2023, (4): 286-290. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.003

Abstract ( ) PDF (1580KB)( )

In order to optimize their Al₂O₃-SiO₂ raw materials,anorthite based insulation refractories were prepared by the in-situ sintering process combined with the foaming method after sintering at 1 350 ℃ for 3 h,using green and pollution-free kaolin,kyanite,andalusite and sillimanite as Al₂O₃-SiO₂ raw materials,and industrial CaCO₃ as the CaO source.Effects of Al₂O₃-SiO₂ raw material types on the physical properties,phase composition and microstructure were investigated.The results are as follows.All samples prepared by different Al₂O₃-SiO₂ raw materials have hexagonal flake anorthite and a small amount of mullite and corundum.Their bulk density decreases in the order of using kaolin,andalusite,kyanite and sillimanite as the Al₂O₃-SiO₂ raw material,but their apparent porosity increases and their thermal conductivity decreases in this order.Moreover,in the sample with kaolin,the bonding between anorthite crystals on the pore walls is closer than that of the other samples,which is conducive to increasing the compressive strength.The bonding between anorthite crystals on pore walls gradually decreases in the order of using kyanite,andalusite and sillimanite as the Al₂O₃-SiO₂ raw material,thus their compressive strength decreases accordingly.In comprehensive consideration,the properties of the sample from kyanite are the optimal.Its apparent porosity,thermal conductivity and cold compressive strength are 84.6%,0.141 W·m^-1·K^-1 and 1.89 MPa,respectively.

Effect of SiO₂ addition on properties of Mg-PSZ ceramics

Liu Xinggang, Gao Xinyu, Liu Tao, Li Yuqing

2023, (4): 291-294. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.004

Abstract ( ) PDF (1994KB)( )

In order to improve the properties of magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) ceramics,Mg-PSZ ceramic samples were prepared using ZrO₂ powder and MgO powder as raw materials,introducing SiO₂ powder,and insulating at 1 600 ℃ for 2 h.The effects of the SiO₂ addition (mass fraction 0,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,and 0.5%) on the phase composition,microstructure,ionic conductivity and physical properties of the samples were investigated.The results show that:(1)the SiO₂ addition in Mg-PSZ ceramics can promote the transition from m-ZrO₂ to c-ZrO₂;the less the m-ZrO₂,the less the pores and cracks,and the higher the density;(2)with the increase of the SiO₂ addition,the c-ZrO₂ phase content,density,thermal shock resistance,cold compressive strength and ionic conductivity of the samples first increase and then decrease.When the SiO₂ addition is 0.4%,the sample has the best comprehensive performance.

Effect of ZrC modified graphite on microstructure and properties of low-carbon Al₂O₃-C refractories

Kuang Changliu, Wang Xing, Liu Zhenglong, Ding Jun, Yu Chao, Deng Chengji, Zhu Hongxi

2023, (4): 295-299. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.005

Abstract ( ) PDF (2243KB)( )

In order to solve the problems of performance deterioration and short life of low-carbon Al₂O₃-C refractories,ZrC modified graphite was synthesized in argon atmosphere at 1 000 ℃ for 3 h using Zr powder and flake graphite as raw materials,NaCl and NaF as the molten salt medium. Then,low-carbon Al₂O₃-C refractory samples were prepared using white fused corundum,α-Al₂O₃ powder,Al powder,Si powder,flake graphite and ZrC modified graphite as raw materials,and phenolic resin as the binder.Effects of the ZrC modified graphite addition (0,1%,3%,and 5%,by mass) on the phase composition,microstructure and physical properties of the low carbon Al₂O₃-C refractories were studied.The results show that the introduction of 1%-3% ZrC modified graphite can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the low carbon Al₂O₃-C refractory samples compared with samples with only flake graphite.However,5% ZrC modified graphite deteriorates the properties.The sample with 3% ZrC modified graphite has the best mechanical properties,22.3 MPa of cold modulus of rupture and 97.5 MPa of cold crushing strength.

Preparation of biochar materials for refractories and their effect on in-situ synthesis of SiC whiskers

Wang Xing, Liu Zhenglong, Deng Chengji, Yu Chao, Zhu Hongxi, Ding Jun

2023, (4): 300-304. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.006

Abstract ( ) PDF (2369KB)( )

In order to develop renewable carbon materials that can replace graphite in carbon-containing castables,biochar materials were prepared from straw and rice husk powder,respectively.The effects of the biochar materials and treatment processes (direct pyrolysis carbonization at 900 ℃,hydrothermal treatment at 180 ℃+carbonization at 900 ℃,and hydrothermal catalytic treatment at 180 or 200 ℃+carbonization at 900 ℃) on the phase composition and microstructure of the carbonization products as well as in-situ SiC whisker synthesis were investigated.The results show that after the hydrothermal treatment,the original structure of rice husk and straw partially collapses,hydrolyzes and polymerizes to form carbon microspheres.Amorphous silica and carbon were observed in the straw after hydrothermal catalytic treatment at 200 ℃ and carbonization at 900 ℃; besides the carbon content is the highest,and a large number of carbon microsphere nuclei form on the surface of carbon skeleton.Compared with graphite as the carbon source,a large number of staggered SiC whiskers form in the powder with straw-based biochar.

Corrosion of Li(Ni_xCo_yMn_z)O₂ cathode materials to KAlSi₂O₆ prepared via sol-gel method

Ma Junhua, Luo Zhongtao, Li Ye, Jia Quanli, Mu Yuandong, Chen Liugang

2023, (4): 305-309. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.007

Abstract ( ) PDF (2775KB)( )

KAlSi₂O₆(KAS₄) sol with or without CaF₂ was calcined at 800-1 300 ℃ to obtain KAS₄ powder.The obtained KAS₄ powder and CaF₂ powder were uniformly mixed with Li(Ni_xCo_yMn_z)O₂ (LNCM) materials in the mass ratio of 70∶30,and then held at 1 100 ℃ for 6 h for corrosion tests.The phase composition of KAS₄ without or with CaF₂ as well as the phase composition and microstructure after corrosion tests were compared and analyzed.The results illustrate that:(1)1.88 mass% CaF₂ addition reduces the forming temperature of KAS₄ pure phase by approximately 100 ℃;(2)CaF₂-free KAS₄ exhibits better corrosion resistance to LNCM compared with CaF₂-containing KAS₄;(3)CaF₂ is easy to react with LNCM at high temperatures.

Effect of B₄C addition on properties of Al₂O₃-C materials

Zou Xin, Xiao Xueping, Song Yanan, Chen Ping’an, Zhu Yingli, Li Xiangcheng

2023, (4): 310-313. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.008

Abstract ( ) PDF (1062KB)( )

Al₂O₃-C materials were prepared using tabular corundum (≤1 and ≤0.075 mm),Al-Si alloy powder (50 μm),α-Al₂O₃ micropowder (5 μm),flake graphite (≤0.074 mm) and B₄C powder (20 μm) as raw materials,nickel nitrate as the catalyst,and phenolic resin as the binder.Effects of B₄C additions (0,3%,6% and 9%,by mass) on the properties of Al₂O₃-C materials were investigated.The results show that:(1)with the increase of the B₄C addition,the linear change rate of the specimens decreases obviously,the cold modulus of rupture and the cold compressive strength increase significantly; with 3% B₄C,the linear change rate of the specimen after treatment at 1 450 ℃ decreases to 0.65%,the cold modulus of rupture and the cold compressive strength increase to the maximum values of 28.7 and 57.3 MPa,respectively;(2)with 6% B₄C,the oxidation index of the specimen oxidized at 1 400 ℃ in air atmosphere decreases to a minimum of 3.9%,showing significantly enhanced oxidation resistance.

Effect of heat-treatment temperature on crystal growth and structure of bauxite based mullite materials

Mai Haixiang, Zhao Fei, An Jiancheng, Wang Yali, Lian Weikang, Hu Yang, Ge Tiezhu, Liu Xinhong

2023, (4): 314-319. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.009

Abstract ( ) PDF (2523KB)( )

In order to optimize the properties,bauxite based mullite materials were prepared by wet homogenization and high-temperature treatment,using high alumina bauxite (grade Ⅱ,Al₂O₃ content of about 70 mass%) as the raw material.Effect of the heat-treatment temperature (hold at 1 350-1 650 ℃ for 4 h in air atmosphere) on the phase composition and microstructure of the samples was studied,and the growth mechanism of columnar mullite crystals was discussed.The results show that the mullite conforms to the growth characteristics in a solid-liquid environment:(1)at 1 350-1 500 ℃,a large amount of Al₂O₃ dissolves into amorphous SiO₂,which accelerates the secondary mullitization;at this stage,the supersaturation of the liquid phase is high,and the mullite grains are accompanied by the step growth characteristic;(2)during the re-crystallization sintering stage (1 500-1 650 ℃),the increase of the crystalline phase consumes Al₂O₃ in the liquid phases,so the liquid phase supersaturation decreases,and the mullite grains exhibit a screw dislocation growth characteristic;(3)as the heat-treatment temperature increases (1 350-1 650 ℃),the viscosity of the liquid phase decreases,thereby reducing the resistance of crystal anisotropic growth,the mullite grains gradually develop into columnar shapes and form a continuous intersecting network structure.

Effect of carbon black and pore forming agent on properties of reaction sintered silicon carbide

Zhang Xifei, Chen Ding, Luo Qiong, Gu Huazhi, Huang Ao, Fu Lyuping

2023, (4): 320-323. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.010

Abstract ( ) PDF (1458KB)( )

In order to improve the mechanical properties of reaction sintered silicon carbide,reaction sintered silicon carbide ceramics were prepared using silicon carbide micropowder (55-44 and 5.0-3.5 μm) and carbon black as raw materials,carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as pore forming agents,firing at 1 740 ℃ for 1 h.Effects of different carbon black additions (5%,7.5%,10%,12.5%,and 15%,by mass) and pore forming agents with different mass ratios of CMC to HPMC on the physical properties of reaction sintered silicon carbide were studied.The prepared ceramics were also analyzed by XRD and an optical microscope.The results show that:(1)when the carbon black addition increases from 5% to 15%,the flexural strength of the material increases from 172 MPa to 258 MPa,and the fracture toughness increases from 3.31 to 3.77 MPa·m^1/2;(2)the pore forming agent can optimize the distribution of free Si;when the carbon black addition is 15% and the pore forming agent mass ratio of CMC/HPMC is 1.5/4.5,the reaction sintered silicon carbide performs excellent mechanical properties with the flexural strength of 268 MPa and the fracture toughness of 4.42 MPa·m^1/2.

Effect of rare earth oxides and heat treatment temperature on properties of synthetic magnesia-zirconia materials

Feng Yu, Gao Yongjun, Wu Feng, Li Xinwei, Wang Lin, Luo Xudong, Xu Ruomeng

2023, (4): 324-328. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.011

Abstract ( ) PDF (2570KB)( )

To make full use of the low-grade magnesite in southern Liaoning Province and prepare high-quality synthetic magnesia,magnesia-zirconia samples were prepared using Xiuyan secondary magnesite and desilicated zirconia as the main raw materials,adding 2 mass% rare earth oxides (CeO₂,Y₂O₃ and La₂O₃,respectively) as the additive,heating at 1 500,1 600 and 1 700 ℃ for 3 h.Effects of rare earth oxide types and heat treatment temperatures on the properties and the microstructure of the samples were studied.The results show that:(1)compared with the samples without rare earth oxides,the samples with rare earth oxides have better thermal shock resistance,higher bulk density and lower apparent porosity;(2)after heat treatment at 1 700 ℃ for 3 h,the magnesia-zirconia sample with 2% CeO₂ has the highest bulk density,the lowest apparent porosity and the best thermal shock resistance.

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ eutectic structure in fused cast AZS33 refractories

Li Huan, Yuan Lin, Wang Juntao, Mao Limin, Wei Han, Su Shixun

2023, (4): 329-336. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.012

Abstract ( ) PDF (5620KB)( )

The microstructure differences of fused cast AZS33 refractories from surface to interior were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM),an optical microscope (OM),an X-ray diffractometer (XRD),etc.especially the crystal morphology of Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ eutectic and the coexistence relationship of Al₂O₃ and ZrO₂ phases in the eutectic.The results show that the cellular morphology of the Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ eutectic in AZS33 is primarily attributed to the supercooling of the melt during solidification.The growth of the Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ eutectic in AZS33 primarily occurs through the coupled growth of faceted and non-faceted phases;the crystalline growth process of Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ eutectic is influenced by the anisotropy of Al₂O₃ crystallization.In the internal crystallization region,the baddeleyite at the edge of the columnar/cellular Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ eutectic undergoes a transformation from “granular” to “rod”.This transformation is a combined result of the crystallization latent heat release and the minimum interface energy.

Effect of spodumene particle size on properties of Al₂O₃-SiC-C castables

Lyu Siwei, Li Minghui, Ni Wei, Tong Shengli, Chen Ruoyu, Li Saisai, Li Canhua

2023, (4): 337-342. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.013

Abstract ( ) PDF (2345KB)( )

In order to further improve the performance of Al₂O₃-SiC-C castables for the blast furnace trough,Al₂O₃-SiC-C castables were prepared using brown corundum,dense corundum,silicon carbide,calcium aluminate cement,ball pitch,α-Al₂O₃ micropowder,SiO₂ micropowder,etc.as the main raw materials,heat treating at 1 450 ℃.On the basis of the traditional anti-oxidants (Al powder and Si powder),2 mass% spodumene powder with different particle sizes (≤0.076,≤0.048 and ≤0.038 mm,respectively) was added as the anti-oxidant.The effect of the spodumene particle size on the properties of the castables was studied.The results show that with the addition of spodumene and the reduction of the particle size,for the samples after heat treatment,the amount of residual silicon carbide decreases,the apparent porosity decreases significantly,and the hot performance and oxidation resistance increase significantly.However,when spodumene with small particle sizes is added,more SiC whiskers with larger length-diameter ratios are generated in the samples,which significantly improves the mechanical properties of the samples.Adding spodumene with the particle size ≤0.038 mm into Al₂O₃-SiC-C castables can significantly improve the oxidation resistance and comprehensive properties.

Preparation of insulation materials from waste mullite-cordierite kiln furniture

Gao Chaochao, Xu Yanheng, Liu Mingyong, Wei Haichao, Zhou Ruxian, Liu Qiyun, Wang Rui, Min Xin, Huang Zhaohui

2023, (4): 343-346. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.014

Abstract ( ) PDF (1708KB)( )

To utilize waste mullite-cordierite kiln furniture on a large scale and with high value,lightweight mullite-cordierite insulation materials were prepared by the foaming method using waste mullite-cordierite kiln furniture,clay and bauxite as main raw materials,cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the foaming agent and polyvinyl alcohol as the foam stabilizer.The effects of the heat treatment temperature (1 050,1 100,1 150 and 1 200 ℃) on the properties of the materials were mainly studied.The results show that the phase composition of the obtained samples is mullite,cordierite,corundum and a trace amount of cristobalite.The material prepared at 1 150 ℃ for 3 h has the best comprehensive performance,with the thermal conductivity of 0.160 W·m^-1·K^-1,bulk density of 0.89 g·cm^-3,apparent porosity of 69.7%,cold compressive strength of 7.82 MPa and cold modulus of rupture of 1.8 MPa.

Effect of CaO addition on properties of alumina-magnesia dry ramming mix for medium frequency furnaces

Hu Deng, Zhang Han, Huang Xuezhong, Liu Hongbo, Zhao Huizhong

2023, (4): 347-350. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.015

Abstract ( ) PDF (2094KB)( )

In order to improve the service life of medium frequency furnaces,the alumina-magnesia dry ramming mix was prepared using fused corundum and fused magnesia as main raw materials and CaO as the sintering additive.The effects of the CaO addition (0,0.5%,1%,1.5%,and 2%,by mass) on the phase composition,sintering properties and microstructure of the ramming mix after heat treatment at 1 600 ℃ for 3 h were studied.The results show that an appropriate amount of CaO can promote the sintering of the alumina-magnesia dry ramming mix,and the cold compressive strength is significantly improved.The reason is that CaO reacts with Al₂O₃ to form hexaluminate (CA₆),interposing between corundum and spinel.When the CaO addition is 1%,the ramming mix after heat treatment at 1 600 ℃ has the best comprehensive properties,with the linear expansion rate of 1.38%,bulk density of 2.86 g·cm^-3,apparent porosity of 21.3% and cold compressive strength of 15.2 MPa.

Effects of ferrotitanium slag addition on properties of Al₂O₃-SiC-C iron trough castables

Long Tu, Gu Huazhi, Zhang Meijie, Huang Ao, Qiu Wendong

2023, (4): 351-355. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.016

Abstract ( ) PDF (2120KB)( )

To alleviate the resource shortage and rationally utilize ferrotitanium slag,Al₂O₃-SiC-C castables were prepared with bauxite clinker,dense corundum,silicon carbide,α-Al₂O₃ micropowder,silica micropowder,and silicon powder as main raw materials,heat treating at 1 450 ℃ for 3 h.Ferrotitanium slag was added to replace bauxite clinker in equal amount with the mass fraction of 0,11.2%,22.4%,33.6%,44.8% and 56%,respectively.The effect of the ferrotitanium slag addition on the properties of the castables was researched.The results show that with the increase of the ferrotitanium slag addition,the bulk density of the castables decreases,the apparent porosity increases,and the cold strength decreases,but the hot modulus of rupture and thermal shock resistance are improved to some extent.The addition of ferrotitanium slag generates many pores to provide more channels for the diffusion of oxygen,and the impurities introduced by ferrotitanium slag after oxidation treatment generate more liquid phases,which loosen the castable structure and significantly reduce the oxidation resistance.The reaction of ferrotitanium slag with molten slag produces magnesium aluminate spinel,thus preventing the further corrosion of slag and enhancing the corrosion resistance of the castables.Generally,the optimal addition of ferrotitanium slag is 56%.

Preparation and application of β-SiAlON bonded alumina bubble insulating products

Zhu Chong, Wu Jiguang, Zhang Xinhua, Xiang Yubo, Wang Wenwu

2023, (4): 356-359. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.017

Abstract ( ) PDF (1733KB)( )

In order to improve the service life of nitriding furnaces,alumina bubble insulating products with a bonding phase β-SiAlON content of about 30 mass% were prepared by nitridation reaction firing at 1 450 ℃ for 10 h with alumina bubbles,Si powder,Al powder,and Al₂O₃ fine powder and micropowder as main raw materials.The physical properties and chemical composition were tested,and the phase composition and microstructure were analyzed.The analysis shows that β-SiAlON in the β-SiAlON bonded alumina bubble material is mainly slender fibrous crystals.The hot modulus of rupture at 1 350 ℃ of the material is significantly higher than its clod modulus of rupture.The refractoriness under load is high,and the thermal shock resistance is excellent.A 5 m³ batch electric heating nitriding furnace with the material as the working lining has the service life more than 2.5 year,which can be used for more than 130 heats,significantly higher than 100 heats of mullite bonded alumina bubble products.

Application progress of h-BN in refractories and high temperature ceramics for metallurgy

He Yuanhang, Qian Fan, Guo Hairong, Li Hualong, Lu Yue, Liu Guoqi, Li Hongxia

2023, (4): 360-364. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.018

Abstract ( ) PDF (941KB)( )

h-BN has excellent thermal shock resistance and chemical stability.It has a graphite-like layered structure and is widely used in metallurgy,chemical industry,electronics and other fields.The research and application of h-BN in refractories were reviewed,including the improvement of the thermal shock resistance,oxidation resistance,and slag resistance of refractories by h-BN,as well as its effect on the sintering properties of refractories.The application of hot-pressed sintered h-BN composites in key components of iron and steel metallurgy and the improvement measures of the mechanical properties,thermal shock resistance,oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance to molten steel were summarized.The problems existing in the application of h-BN in refractories and high temperature ceramics for metallurgy were pointed out.

Interaction between vanadium titanomagnetite slag and refractories

Gao Wei, Liu Zhaoyang, Ma Beiyue, Wei Shan, Yu Jingkun

2023, (4): 365-368. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1935.2023.04.019

Abstract ( ) PDF (882KB)( )

The interaction between titanium slag or vanadium slag formed during smelting vanadium titanomagnetite in the blast furnace-converter process and refractories was analyzed and summarized.The corrosion process and mechanism of refractories for iron and steel smelting by titanium slag and vanadium slag were pointed out,and the occurrence state of variable valence metal elements,such as vanadium,titanium and iron in vanadium-titanium slag was explored.It was proposed that using computer simulation and other auxiliary technologies to analyze the corrosion behavior of refractories by a complex slag system would be the future development direction.

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